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阻礙寶寶智力發(fā)展的10大“殺手”

出處：媽媽育兒網(wǎng)日期：2012-08-13 13:32:13編輯：Chen

許多年輕的爸爸媽媽由于缺乏對發(fā)燒的正確認識，導致產(chǎn)生了許多誤區(qū)， 影響了孩子的康復，有時甚至會導致嚴重的后果。

1、外傷和物理因素

放射線照射(診斷或治療)、難產(chǎn)、產(chǎn)傷，胎兒窒息缺氧損害腦神經(jīng)細胞最為嚴重，低能發(fā)病率頗高。

2、代謝和營養(yǎng)障礙

各種代謝障礙，包括內分泌障礙等皆可導致低能，多數(shù)與先天性遺傳病有關(與先天性酶的缺陷有明顯關系)。營養(yǎng)障礙包括各種原因的攝入不足或吸收不良。

3、頭腦疾病

包括腦腫瘤、多發(fā)性硬化癥、遺傳性共濟失調、各種神經(jīng)變性疾病所致精神發(fā)育不良。


 

4、感染和中毒

這是首位重要因素。已經(jīng)比較明確的是在胎兒期母體感染風疹、流感和其他病毒性疾病，尤其在初孕3個月，容易招致先天性畸形和智力障礙。圍產(chǎn)期羊水感染、嬰兒期腦炎、腦膜炎、性病等嚴重感染，嚴重妊娠毒血癥，孕母受到鉛、汞、化學品和藥物毒性作用，皆可影響腦功能，導致低能。

5、原因不明的產(chǎn)前因素或疾病

如先天性腦畸形等。

6、染色體異常

包括性染色體和常染色體畸變，后者畸變導致精神缺陷較前者嚴重。

7、未成熟兒

世界衛(wèi)生組織規(guī)定，新生嬰兒體重不足2500克，或胎齡不到37周娩出者，均稱未成熟兒。

由于軀體發(fā)育不全，必然影響腦功能和智力發(fā)育。如新生兒體重低于1500克，低能發(fā)病率可高出數(shù)倍至10余倍。

8、嬰兒期精神疾患

如嬰兒孤獨癥、心理嚴重缺陷，均影響正常學習過程，影響智力。

9、原因不明

約占本癥40%～60%，有待深入研究。

預防智力低下的方法，主要是根據(jù)上述原因，有針對性地加以消除或避免。比較強調的是禁止近親結婚，禁止有明文規(guī)定的遺傳性明顯的患者生育(因雙親低能造成子女低能的發(fā)病率高達42%～60%)，開展遺傳咨詢，婚前身心健康檢查，避免孕期病毒感染，避免接觸放射線物質、有害有毒物質以及藥物等。

10、心理—社會因素

早期社會隔絕、人為情感剝奪、缺乏母愛、孤兒無人照料、嚴重精神疾病患者的子女、文化閉塞、不適當?shù)慕虒Х绞降染捎绊懼橇λ健?/p>

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